Rubem Valentim. Untitled. 1956-1962. Oil on canvas, 27 5/8 × 19 3/4" (70.2 × 50.2 cm), Gift of Patricia Phelps de Cisneros through the Latin American and Caribbean Fund in honor of Lissette Stancioff.

In his 1976 Manifesto ainda que tardio (A Manifesto, Albeit Late), the artist Rubem Valentim declared, “The Afro-Amerindian-Northeastern-Brazilian iconology is alive. It is an immense source—as big as Brazil—and we must drink in it with lucidity and great love.”1

Born in Salvador de Bahia in the early 1920s, a moment of great artistic and social change in Brazil, Valentim, initially trained as a dentist and a journalist, dedicated most of his life to creating paintings and sculptures that were informed by a mixture of cultural references from his home country and beyond. “My artistic-visual-signographic language is linked to the deep mythical values of an afro-brazilian [sic] (mestizo-animist-fetishistic) culture,”2 Valentim asserted. It was a language he complemented with mystical and religious references, such as the I-Ching, Tarot, and Christianity.3 His creations were as spiritual as they were political. They reflected on topics related to Afro-diasporic aesthetics, the visual representation of the sacred, and the legacies of colonialism and social exclusion.4 In line with the work of artist and sculptor Mestre Didi, Valentim made decisive contributions to the arts of the Black Atlantic diaspora over the course of his lifetime. For both artists, it was essential to express the cultural values of a Brazilian identity as well as to speak to a broader human, spiritual experience.

An artist creating within the stylistic boundaries of geometric abstraction, Valentim developed a visually hybrid practice that was unique for the arts of his time. His work fused African and Polynesian artistic motifs, which he saw in European ethnographic museums during the 1960s, with symbols from Brazilian Candomblé and Umbanda, religions he knew first-hand.5 Untitled alludes to the Afro-diasporic deities Eshu and Shango.6 With its distilled geometry and schematic use of color planes, this piece marked a turning point in his art as it distanced the artist from a sinuous and organic style defining his early practice from the 1950s. Subsequent works such as Relevo - Emblema 5 and Emblema logotipo poético de cultura Afro-Brasileira — N°8, which he tended to develop in series, further advanced his style, combining two- and three-dimensional elements, bolder geometric motifs, and larger color surfaces. Valentim’s explorations also included totemic and altar-like sculptures in small and large formats, such as Objeto emblemático 4 and Marco sincrético da cultura afro-brasileira.

Initially associated with artists Mário Cravo Júnior and Carybé, who were based in his native Bahia, Valentim settled in Rio de Janeiro in 1957. There he found an effervescent artistic community exploring abstraction in innovative ways. This explains his shift from painting organic abstract forms to clearly defined geometries upon his arrival. Although never affiliated with any artistic movements, his work finds parallels with the propositions of both the Concrete and the Neo-Concrete art movements.7 Whether in painting, drawing, or sculpture, Valentim’s art practice straddled between the pure rationality of form and what he perceived as the transcendental elements of Afro-Diasporic geometric designs.

Reflecting on his life, Valentim told his artist friend Bené Fonteles that his experience and his art had come from a “mystical religious side” and that “the artistic search is interior, it is part of a deep religiosity.”8 Valentim’s art continuously combined markers of different symbolic traditions and belief systems, which he named riscadura brasileira (Brazilian linework).9 Because of its cultural breadth and reach, Valentim’s work attracted the interest of the Brazilian dictatorship’s diplomatic efforts during the 1960s and ’70s.10 It also supported the transnational political struggles of African liberation movements.11 The former resulted in the artist’s transformative participation in the World Festival of Negro Arts in Dakar, Senegal, in 1966 and in Lagos, Nigeria, in 1977.12 Unbound by specific artistic styles, religious affiliations, or political doctrines, yet grounded in his own national consciousness, Valentim’s art remains an invitation for human connection with a sense of urgency about the needs of our surroundings.

Julián Sánchez González, Cisneros Institute Research Fellow, Department of Drawings and Prints, 2023

En su Manifesto ainda que tardio (Manifiesto aunque tarde) de 1976, el artista Rubem Valentim declaró: “La iconología afroamerindia-nordestina-brasileña está viva. Es una fuente inmensa —grande como Brasil— y debemos beber de ella con lucidez y mucho amor”.13

Valentim nació en Salvador de Bahía a principios de la década de 1920, un período de grandes cambios artísticos y sociales en Brasil, y su formación inicial fue como dentista y periodista, pero dedicó la mayor parte de su vida a crear pinturas y esculturas inspiradas en una combinación de referencias culturales tanto de su país natal como del extranjero. “Mi lenguaje artístico-visual-signográfico está ligado a los profundos valores míticos de una cultura afrobrasileña [sic] (mestizo-animista-fetichista)”,14 afirmó Valentim. Se trata de un lenguaje que complementó con referencias místicas y religiosas, como el I-Ching, el Tarot y el cristianismo.15 Sus obras fueron tanto espirituales como políticas. Trataron temas relacionados a la estética de la diáspora africana, la representación visual de lo sagrado y los legados del colonialismo y la exclusión social.16 En la misma línea que el artista y escultor Mestre Didi, Valentim realizó contribuciones fundamentales a lo largo de su vida a las artes de la diáspora negra del Atlántico. Para ambos artistas, era esencial expresar los valores culturales de la identidad brasileña, así como hablar de una experiencia humana y espiritual mucho más amplia.

Como artista que se movió dentro de los límites estilísticos de la abstracción geométrica, Valentim desarrolló una obra visualmente híbrida, única en el arte de su época. Su obra fusionó elementos artísticos africanos y polinesios, que había visto en museos etnográficos europeos durante la década de 1960, con símbolos del candomblé y la umbanda brasileños, religiones que conocía de primera mano.17 Untitled remite a las deidades afrodiaspóricas Eshu y Shango.18 Con su geometría depurada y su esquemático uso de planos de color, la pieza marcó un punto de inflexión en su obra, ya que distanció al artista del estilo sinuoso y orgánico que había definido su práctica inicial en la década de 1950. Obras posteriores como Relevo-Emblema 5 y Emblema logotipo poético de cultura Afro-Brasileira - N°8, que por lo general desarrollaba en series, perfeccionaron aún más su estilo, al combinar elementos bidimensionales y tridimensionales, diseños geométricos más audaces y superficies de color más grandes. Las investigaciones de Valentim también incluyeron esculturas totémicas y altares de pequeño y gran formato, como Objeto emblemático 4 y Marco sincrético da cultura afro-brasileira.

Vinculado al principio con los artistas Mário Cravo Júnior y Carybé, en su Bahía natal, Valentim se trasladó a Río de Janeiro en 1957. Allí encontró una vibrante comunidad artística que exploraba la abstracción de formas novedosas. Esto explica que, a su llegada, dejara de pintar formas abstractas orgánicas y pasara geometrías claramente definidas. Pese a que jamás se afilió a ningún movimiento artístico, su obra guarda cierto paralelismo con las propuestas de los movimientos de arte concreto y neoconcreto.19 Tanto en pintura como en dibujo o escultura, la práctica artística de Valentim osciló entre la pura racionalidad de la forma y lo que él percibía como los elementos trascendentales de los diseños geométricos afrodiaspóricos.

Meditando sobre su vida, Valentim le comentó a su amigo artista Bené Fonteles que su experiencia y su arte habían surgido de un “costado místico religioso” y que “la búsqueda artística es siempre interior, forma parte de una profunda religiosidad”.20 El arte de Valentim combinó constantemente elementos de distintos sistemas de creencias y tradiciones simbólicas, en lo que él denominó riscadura brasileira (marca brasileña).21 Por su amplitud y alcance cultural, la obra de Valentim despertó el interés de las iniciativas diplomáticas de la dictadura brasileña durante las décadas de 1960 y 1970.22 También apoyó las luchas políticas internacionales de los movimientos de liberación africanos.23 Esto último resultó en la transformadora participación del artista en el Festival Mundial de Artes Negras de Dakar (Senegal) en 1966 y en Lagos (Nigeria) en 1977.24 Sin atarse a corrientes artísticas específicas, ni a filiaciones religiosas o doctrinas políticas, aunque bien arraigado a su propia conciencia nacional, el arte de Valentim sigue funcionando como una invitación a la conexión humana con un mensaje urgente sobre las necesidades de nuestro entorno.

Julián Sánchez González, becario del Instituto Cisneros, 2023

  1. Rubem Valentim, “A Manifesto Albeit Late [Manifesto ainda que tardio],” in Rubem Valentim: Afro-Atlantic Constructions, eds. Adriano Pedrosa and Fernando Oliva (São Paulo, Brazil: Museu de Arte de São Paulo Assis Chateaubriand, 2018), 132-134.

  2. ibid.

  3. Roberto Conduru, “Albeit Late But on the Eve—Rubem Valentim and Time,” in Rubem Valentim: Afro-Atlantic Constructions, eds. Adriano Pedrosa and Fernando Oliva (São Paulo, Brazil: Museu de Arte de São Paulo Assis Chateaubriand, 2018), 59.

  4. Fernando Oliva, “Art, Politics, and Construction in Rubem Valentim,” in Rubem Valentim: Afro-Atlantic Constructions, eds. Adriano Pedrosa and Fernando Oliva (São Paulo, Brazil: Museu de Arte de São Paulo Assis Chateaubriand, 2018), 18-25.

  5. Abigail Lapin Dardashti, “Abstracted Resistance: Third-Worldism in Rubem Valentim's Afro-Brazilian Symbolism, 1963–66,” Art Journal 7, No. 3 (2021): 57-58; Abigail Lapin Dardashti,”Negotiating Afro-Brazilian Abstraction: Rubem Valentim in Rio, Rome, and Dakar, 1957–1966,” in New Geographies of Abstract Art in Postwar Latin America, eds. Mariola V. Alvarez and Ana M. Franco (New York, NY: Routledge, 2018), 92.

  6. Marcelo Mendes Chaves, “Untitled,” in Rubem Valentim: Afro-Atlantic Constructions, eds. Adriano Pedrosa and Fernando Oliva (São Paulo, Brazil: Museu de Arte de São Paulo Assis Chateaubriand, 2018), 160.

  7. Abigail Lapin Dardashti,”Negotiating Afro-Brazilian Abstraction,” 86-7.

  8. Rubem Valentim, “Statement to Bené Fonteles, 1989-90,” Rubem Valentim: Afro-Atlantic Constructions, eds. Adriano Pedrosa and Fernando Oliva (São Paulo, Brazil: Museu de Arte de São Paulo Assis Chateaubriand, 2018), 144-46.

  9. Emanoel Araújo, “Exhibiting Afro-Brazilian Art,” in Edward J. Sullivan, ed., Brazil: Body & Soul, exh. cat. (New York: Guggenheim Museum, 2001), 323.

  10. Abigail Lapin Dardashti, “Abstracted Resistance,” 67.

  11. Emanoel Araújo, “Exhibiting Afro-Brazilian Art,” 323; Bené Fonteles, Sagrada Geometria: Rubem Valentim, 1922–1991 (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Pinakotheke, 2022), 260.

  12. Abigail Lapin Dardashti, “Negotiating Afro-Brazilian Abstraction,” 93-96.

  13. “Manifiesto aunque tarde [Manifesto ainda que tardio]” de Rubem Valentim, en Rubem Valentim: Afro-Atlantic Constructions, editado por Adriano Pedrosa y Fernando Oliva (Museu de Arte de São Paulo Assis Chateaubriand, São Paulo, 2018), p. 132-134.

  14. ibid.

  15. “Albeit Late But on the Eve—Rubem Valentim and Time” de Roberto Conduru, en Rubem Valentim: Afro-Atlantic Constructions, editado por Adriano Pedrosa y Fernando Oliva (Museu de Arte de São Paulo Assis Chateaubriand, São Paulo, 2018), p. 59.

  16. “Art, Politics, and Construction in Rubem Valentim” de Fernando Oliva, en Rubem Valentim: Afro-Atlantic Constructions, editado por Adriano Pedrosa y Fernando Oliva (Museu de Arte de São Paulo Assis Chateaubriand, São Paulo, 2018), p. 18-25.

  17. “Abstracted Resistance: Third-Worldism in Rubem Valentim’s Afro-Brazilian Symbolism, 1963–66” de Abigail Lapin Dardashti, en Art Journal 7, No. 3 (2021): p. 57-58; “Negotiating Afro-Brazilian Abstraction: Rubem Valentim in Rio, Rome and Dakar, 1957–1966” de Abigail Lapin Dardashti, en New Geographies of Abstract Art in Postwar Latin America, editado por Mariola V. Alvarez y Ana M. Franco (Routledge, Nueva York, 2018), p. 92.

  18. “Untitled” de Marcelo Mendes Chaves, en Rubem Valentim: Afro-Atlantic Constructions, editado por Adriano Pedrosa y Fernando Oliva (Museu de Arte de São Paulo Assis Chateaubriand, São Paulo, 2018), p. 160.

  19. “Negotiating Afro-Brazilian Abstraction” de Abigail Lapin Dardashti, p. 86-7.

  20. “Statement to Bené Fonteles, 1989–90” de Rubem Valentim, en Rubem Valentim: Afro-Atlantic Constructions, editado por Adriano Pedrosa y Fernando Oliva (Museu de Arte de São Paulo Assis Chateaubriand, São Paulo, 2018), p. 144-46.

  21. “Exhibiting Afro-Brazilian Art” de Emanoel Araújo, en Brazil: Body & Soul, editado por Edward J. Sullivan, exh. cat. (Guggenheim Museum, Nueva York, 2001), p. 323.

  22. “Abstracted Resistance” de Abigail Lapin Dardashti, p. 67.

  23. “Exhibiting Afro-Brazilian Art” de Emanoel Araújo, p. 323; Sagrada Geometria: Rubem Valentim, 1922–1991 de Bené Fonteles (Pinakotheke, Río de Janeiro, 2022), p. 260.

  24. “Negotiating Afro-Brazilian Abstraction” de Abigail Lapin Dardashti, p. 93-96.

Works

2 works online

Publications

  • Sur moderno: Journeys of Abstraction—The Patricia Phelps de Cisneros Gift Exhibition catalogue, Hardcover, 240 pages
  • Among Others: Blackness at MoMA Hardcover, 488 pages
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