Eduardo Costa. Lygia Sleeping and Dreaming (Portrait of Lygia Pape). 1997–98. Acrylic paint, 7 × 8 × 7" (17.8 × 20.3 × 17.8 cm). Latin American and Caribbean Fund through gift of Claudia Quentin

“Most of my work gets better if you at least cut it in half, exposing the innards.”

Eduardo Costa

“My name is Eduardo Costa. I was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1940,” a man announced into a microphone at Hunter College on May 5, 1969. The speaker was not, in fact, Eduardo Costa, but his friend, the American artist Vito Acconci, delivering the opening lines of Six Absences, a performance conceived by Costa. “The work was a set of 20 large file cards with one paragraph typed in capitals on each card,” the Argentine artist explained in the introduction to the typescript of the performance. “It was meant to be performed (read) by anyone except the artist.”1 Like many of Costa’s works, which dance on the edge of fact and fiction, Six Absences raises questions about the nature of representation. How does communication inform us of what is real? How do we judge whether information is true or false?

In 1964, Costa graduated from the University of Buenos Aires—where he took classes with writer Jorge Luis Borges—and emerged as a figure in the Argentine avant-garde, then anchored to the experimental program of the Di Tella Institute. With fellow artists Raul Escari and Roberto Jacoby, Costa declared his entry into the scene with a manifesto, “A Mass Media Art.” “It is of no interest to information consumers if an exhibition took place or not,” the artists wrote, “all that matters is the image of the artistic event constructed by the media.”2 To prove this idea they devised a happening, or, as they later termed it, an antihappening: an art event that the press would report on without it ever having taken place. On August 21, 1966, the Argentine periodical El Mundo (circulation 300,000) announced the artwork in a two-page spread on the supposed event, entitled “Happening for Dead Boar.”3 It was, as the artists had imagined, “A work that begins to exist exactly at the moment the audience becomes aware that it’s already over.”4

The energy of the Buenos Aires art scene dimmed at the end of the 1960s with the rising political repression of the military dictatorship. Costa left Argentina shortly thereafter, traveling first to New York and then to Rio de Janeiro. He circulated along this coastal route over the following decades, remaining in each city for several years at a time, and building a hemispheric network between these three Atlantic metropolises. In Names of Friends: Poem for the Deaf-Mute, a silent Super-8 film shot by the poet and artist Hannah Weiner in New York, Costa lists 53 acquaintances, with the camera trained on his mouth. While intelligible only to lip readers, the video offers an intimate record of the conviviality so important to the artist—as it was for many other artists working far from home.

Costa’s friends and collaborators from across the Americas included artists, writers, and critics, including Lucy Lippard, Octavio Paz, Ana Mendieta, Scott Burton, Hélio Oiticica, and Lygia Pape. In 1997, Costa made an unusual portrait of Pape: Lygia Sleeping and Dreaming (Portrait of Lygia Pape) is a life-sized reproduction of the Brazilian artist’s head, cast from her face and made of layers of acrylic paint. Costa stumbled upon this technique in his studio in 1994. “I happened to open a dry jar of paint. The lid had been loose for years. In the inside there was a sort of hard paint-cylinder, separated from the bottom and sides,” he explained in a 1999 interview with the critic John Perreault.5 Costa made a similar portrait of the US critic Carter Ratcliff, who called these works “volumetric paintings.”

Besides portraits, these three-dimensional paintings depict fruits and vegetables with realistic interiors and elemental geometric forms. Black Painting, a solid square of black acrylic paint, makes reference to Kazimir Malevich’s 1915 Black Square, a breakthrough in the modern history of abstract painting. Costa’s work, just under a centimeter thick, remains flexible on its support, its upper half slumping against the wall and its lower half intruding into space. With characteristic disdain for convention, the artist has maintained that divisions between representation and abstraction—and between painting and sculpture—are superfluous: “Most of my work gets better if you at least cut it in half, exposing the innards”—something he often did in performances in the 2000s.6 In the world of Costa’s art, every first glance prompts a double take.

Elise Chagas, Mellon-Marron Research Consortium Fellow, Department of Drawings and Prints and the Cisneros Institute, 2022

“La mayoría de mis obras mejoran si, como mínimo, las cortan a la mitad, dejando las entrañas al descubierto.”

Eduardo Costa

“Me llamo Eduardo Costa. Nací en Buenos Aires, Argentina, en 1940”, proclamó un hombre ante un micrófono el 5 de mayo de 1969 en el Hunter College. En realidad, el orador no era Eduardo Costa sino un amigo, el artista estadounidense Vito Acconci, quien leía las primeras líneas de Six Absences, una performance creada por Costa. “La obra consistía en un conjunto de veinte tarjetas de archivo grandes con un párrafo mecanografiado en mayúsculas en cada una”, explicó el artista argentino en el manuscrito de la performance. “Fue pensada para ser interpretada (leída) por cualquiera, excepto por el artista”.7 Al igual que muchas otras obras de Costa, que se mueven entre la realidad y la ficción, Six Absences planteaba interrogantes entorno a la índole de la representación. ¿De qué forma la comunicación nos informa sobre la realidad? ¿Cómo juzgamos si una información es verdadera o falsa?

En 1964, Costa se licenció en la Universidad de Buenos Aires —donde asistió a clases del escritor Jorge Luis Borges— y se convirtió en una figura de la vanguardia argentina, anclada entonces en torno al programa experimental del Instituto Di Tella. Costa anunció su entrada en escena con un manifiesto: “A Mass Media Art”, junto a sus compañeros Raúl Escari y Roberto Jacoby. “A los consumidores de información no les interesa si se realizó o no una exposición—escribieron los artistas—, lo único que les importa es la imagen del evento artístico que construyen los medios”.8 Para demostrar esta idea, concibieron un happening o, como lo llamaron más tarde, un antihappening: un evento artístico del que iba a hablar la prensa, a pesar de que jamás se produciría. El 21 de agosto de 1966, el periódico argentino El Mundo (con una tirada de 300.000 ejemplares) anunció la pieza en un artículo de dos páginas sobre el supuesto evento, titulado “Happening para un jabalí difunto”.9 Tal y como imaginaron los artistas, se trataba de “Una obra que nace en el momento exacto en el que el público toma conciencia de que ha terminado”.10

A finales de los años sesenta, la energía de la escena artística de Buenos Aires se debilitó debido al aumento de la represión política por parte de la dictadura militar. Poco después, Costa abandonó Argentina, primero se trasladó a Nueva York y luego a Río de Janeiro. Durante las décadas siguientes, circuló por esta ruta atlántica, permaneciendo varios años seguidos en cada ciudad y construyendo una red continental entre las tres metrópolis. En Names of Friends: Poem for the Deaf-Mute, una película muda en Super-8 rodada en Nueva York por la poeta y artista Hannah Weiner, Costa enumera a cincuenta y tres conocidos, mientras la cámara enfoca fijamente su boca. Aunque sólo es comprensible para quienes saben leer los labios, el vídeo ofrece un testimonio íntimo sobre la camaradería, algo tan importante para el artista como para muchos otros artistas que trabajaban lejos de casa.

Entre los amigos y colaboradores de Costa, provenientes de toda América, se encontraban artistas, escritores y críticos como Lucy Lippard, Octavio Paz, Ana Mendieta, Scott Burton, Hélio Oiticica y Lygia Pape. En 1997, Costa realizó un inusual retrato de Pape: Lygia Sleeping and Dreaming (Portrait of Lygia Pape), una reproducción a tamaño natural de la cabeza de la artista brasileña, moldeada a partir de su rostro y realizada con capas de acrílico. Costa se topó con esta técnica en 1994, en su estudio. “Abrí por casualidad un tarro de pintura seca. La tapa llevaba años suelta. En el interior había una especie de cilindro de pintura dura, separado del fondo y de los lados”, explicó en una entrevista con el crítico John Perreault en 1999.11 Costa hizo un retrato parecido del crítico estadounidense Carter Ratcliff, quien calificó estas obras como pinturas volumétricas.

Además de retratos, las pinturas tridimensionales representan frutas y verduras con interiores realistas y formas geométricas elementales. Black Painting, un cuadrado sólido de acrílico negro, remite al Black Square de Kazimir Malevich de 1915, un hito en la historia moderna de la pintura abstracta. La pieza de Costa, con poco menos de un centímetro de grosor, se mantiene flexible sobre el soporte, la mitad superior se hunde en la pared y la mitad inferior se adentra en el espacio. Con su característico desdén por la tradición, el artista sostiene que las divisiones entre representación y abstracción —y entre pintura y escultura— son superfluas: “La mayoría de mis obras mejoran si, como mínimo, las cortan a la mitad, dejando las entrañas al descubierto”, cosa que hizo a menudo en sus performances de la década de 2000.12 Cada vez que miramos hacia el universo artístico de Costa, nos sentimos obligados a mirar otra vez más.

Elise Chagas, becaria del Consorcio de Investigación Mellon-Marron, Departamento de Dibujos y Grabados, y del Instituto de Investigación Patricia Phelps de Cisneros, 2022

  1. At Theater Works, a multi-day program at Hunter College, Scott Burton, Bernadette Mayer, John Perreault, Anne Waldman, and Hannah Weiner also performed the work. Eduardo Costa, “Six Absences” [1968], reprinted in Conceptualisms and Other Fictions: The Collected Writings of Eduardo Costa, 1965–2015, ed. Patrick Greaney, (Los Angeles: Les Figues Press, 2016), 30.

  2. Eduardo Costa, Raul Escari and Roberto Jacoby, “A Mass Media Art,” July, 1966, Buenos Aires, reprinted in Listen, Here, Now! Argentine Art of the 1960s: Writings of the Avant-Garde, ed. Inés Katzenstein, (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2004), 223.

  3. Edmundo E. Eichelbaum, “Happening para un jabalí difunto.” El Mundo (Buenos Aires), August 21, 1966, accessed through International Center for Arts of the Americas at the Museum of Fine Arts Houston: Documents of Latin American and Latino Art. Record ID: 750866. https://icaa.mfah.org/s/en/item/750866.

  4. Costa, Escari, and Jacoby, “A Mass Media Art,” 224.

  5. “John Perreault Interviews Eduardo Costa,” The White Paintings: Eduardo Costa and John Perreault, ed. Judy Collischan. Exh. cat. (New York: Work Space, 1999), 102.

  6. Ibid., 105.

  7. En Theater Works, un evento de varios días en el Hunter College. Scott Burton, Bernadette Mayer, John Perreault, Anne Waldman y Hannah Weiner también representaron la obra. Eduardo Costa, “Six Absences” [1968], reimpreso en Conceptualisms and Other Fictions: The Collected Writings of Eduardo Costa, 1965–2015, ed. Patrick Greaney. Patrick Greaney, Les Figues Press, Los Ángeles, 2016, pág. 30.

  8. Eduardo Costa, Raul Escari y Roberto Jacoby, “A Mass Media Art”, Buenos Aires, julio de 1966, reimpreso en Listen, Here, ¡Now! Argentine Art of the 1960s: Writings of the Avant-Garde, ed. Inés Katzenstein, (The Museum of Modern Art, Nueva York, 2004), pág. 223.

  9. Edmundo E. Eichelbaum, “Happening para un jabalí difunto”, El Mundo, Buenos Aires, 21 de Agosto de 1966, al que se puede acceder en el Center for Arts of the Americas at the Museum of Fine Arts Houston: Documents of Latin American and Latino Art. Record ID: 750866, https://icaa.mfah.org/s/en/item/750866.

  10. Costa, Escari y Jacoby, “A Mass Media Art”, pág. 224.

  11. “John Perreault Interviews Eduardo Costa”, en The White Paintings: Eduardo Costa and John Perreault, ed. Judy Collischan. cat. exp. (Work Space, Nueva York, 1999), pág. 102.

  12. ibid., pág. 105.

Works

3 works online

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