Lygia Clark. Poetic Shelter. 1964. Painted metal, 5 1/2 x 24 x 20 1/8" (14 x 63 x 51 cm). Gift of Patricia Phelps de Cisneros in honor of Milan Hughston

“I always thought it was fabulous to have given something of my art for someone to express themselves....”

Lygia Clark

“We do not conceive of the work of art either as a ‘machine’ or as an ‘object’ but as a quasi-corpus,” wrote critic Feirrera Gullar in the “Manifesto Neoconcreto,” published in 1959.1 The notion that the work of art was more like a body than a discrete object was a radical idea that led many Brazilian artists to embrace the viewer’s subjective experience as the main criterion in art making. Brazilian artist Lygia Clark, a co-signer of the manifesto, alongside other Brazilian artists such as Lygia Pape and Willys de Castro, wanted to transform art making in a way that emphasized how an artwork is experienced in space and time. Though Clark’s official membership in the Neo-concrete group only lasted several months, she spent the rest of her career exploring the possibilities of how viewers relate to art.

Clark began her career painting in a geometric abstract style of Concretismo, as evident in her work Planes in a Modulated Surface (1956). In officially breaking with this earlier style by signing the “Manifesto Neoconcreto,” Clark shifted her practice to consider the artwork as an experience or body that interacts with the viewer. Cocoon no. 2 (1959) abandons the rectangular, two-dimensional canvas support, instead offering a three-dimensional arrangement of black and white planes in space. In “The Death of the Plane,” Clark writes, “that shattered rectangle, we swallowed it, we absorbed it…. Demolishing the plane as support of expression is to gain awareness of unity as a living and organic whole.”2 She took this idea further with a sculptural series that she called bichos (critters). These movable metal sculptures have no fixed orientation; they are experienced through handling from three-dimensional planes to flat reliefs, as in Sundial (1960). Clark thought of works like Poetic Shelter (1964) as animal-like or organic entities that shared space with spectators through metamorphosis.

Clark’s practice transformed again in 1963, when she staged one of her first proposições (propositions), called Caminhando (Walking), wherein she demonstrated cutting a Möbius strip out of paper. She invited others to participate, turning the artwork into the action of transforming the paper. “Caminhando is only a potential,” Clark wrote in 1964. “You and it will form a reality that will be unique, total, existential. No separation between subject-object.”3 After Caminhando, Clark created the Nostalgia do Corpo (Nostalgia of the Body)—a series of soft sculptures and sensorial objects that activated participants’ bodily awareness. In 1964, as Brazil was overtaken by a military dictatorship and entered a period of severe censorship, Clark’s propositions blurred the boundaries between art and experience, viewer and artist, the body and its environment. “We are the proposers: we bury ’the work of art’ as such,” Clark declared in 1968.4

In the 1970s and 1980s, Clark’s research in psychology and philosophy, prompted in part by her own experiences in psychotherapy, shifted her attempts at the unification of art and life. While residing in Paris, she created a set of propositions called corpo colectivo (collective body), which involved groups of participants engaging in communal actions. During the last decade of her life, Clark proposed “objetos relacionais” (relational objects) as a therapeutic practice in a system called Estruturação do Self (Structuring of the self) (1979–88). Her commitment to understanding and transforming the relationship between art and viewer can be seen in the fundamentally empathetic nature of her work. As she wrote, “I always thought it was fabulous to have given something of my art for someone to express themselves....”5

Rachel Remick, 12-Month Modern Women’s Fund Intern, Department of Painting and Sculpture, 2021

“Siempre pensé que ha sido maravilloso poder ofrecer algo de mi arte para que otros se expresaran”.

Lygia Clark

Leer en español

“No concebimos la obra de arte ni como «máquina» ni como «objeto», sino como un cuasi-corpus”, escribió el crítico Feirrera Gullar en el “Manifiesto Neoconcreto” publicado en 1959. El concepto de que la obra de arte se parece más a un cuerpo que a un objeto concreto supuso una idea radical que llevó a muchos artistas brasileños a adoptar la experiencia subjetiva del espectador como principal criterio en la creación artística. La artista brasileña Lygia Clark, una de las firmantes del manifiesto —junto a otros artistas brasileños como Lygia Pape y Willys de Castro— quería transformar la creación artística de manera que ésta destacara la forma en que una obra de arte se experimenta en el espacio y el tiempo. Aunque Clark permaneció afiliada oficialmente al grupo Neoconcreto durante apenas unos meses, dedicó el resto de su carrera a explorar las distintas posibilidades en la relación entre los espectadores y el arte.

Clark comenzó su carrera pintando al estilo de la abstracción geométrica del Concretismo, como se puede ver en su obra Planes in a Modulated Surface (1956). Al firmar el “Manifiesto Neoconcreto” rompió oficialmente con ese estilo previo y modificó su práctica para considerar la obra de arte como una experiencia o un cuerpo que interactúa con el espectador. Cocoon no. 2 (1959) abandona el soporte rectangular y bidimensional de la tela, y ofrece en cambio una disposición tridimensional de planos blancos y negros organizados en el espacio. En “La muerte del plano”, Clark escribió: “Este rectángulo, hecho añicos, nos lo hemos tragado, lo hemos absorbido.... Demoler el plano como soporte de la expresión es cobrar consciencia de la unidad como un todo vivo y orgánico”. Profundizó esta idea en una serie escultórica que denominó bichos. Se trata de esculturas móviles de metal sin orientación fija, que se experimentan mediante la manipulación de planos tridimensionales y superficies lisas, como se puede ver en Sundial (1960). Clark entendía algunas obras, por ejemplo Poetic Shelter (1964), como entidades animales u orgánicas que, a través de la metamorfosis, compartían el espacio con los espectadores.

Clark volvió a cambiar su metodología de trabajo en 1963, cuando protagonizó una de sus primeras proposições (proposiciones), titulada Caminhando (Caminando), en la que mostraba cómo cortar una cinta de Möbius de papel. “Caminando es sólo una potencialidad”, escribió Clark en 1964. “Ustedes y ella formarán una realidad única, total, existencial. Ninguna separación entre sujeto-objeto”. Después de Caminhando, Clark realizó Nostalgia do Corpo (Nostalgia del cuerpo), una serie de esculturas flexibles y objetos sensoriales orientados a despertar la conciencia corporal de los participantes. En 1964, mientras Brasil sufría un golpe militar y entraba en un periodo de estricta censura, las proposiciones de Clark difuminaban los límites entre el arte y la experiencia, el espectador y el artista, el cuerpo y su entorno. “Nosotros somos los proponentes: enterramos la «obra de arte» como tal”, declaró Clark en 1968.

En las décadas de 1970 y 1980, las investigaciones de Clark en psicología y filosofía —motivadas en parte por sus propias experiencias con la psicoterapia— dieron un giro a sus esfuerzos por unificar el arte y la vida. Mientras residió en París, creó una serie de proposiciones tituladas corpo colectivo (cuerpo colectivo) que consistían en involucrar a distintos grupos de participantes en acciones comunitarias. Durante la última década de su vida, Clark propuso los “objetos relacionais” (objetos relacionales) como prácticas terapéuticas dentro de un sistema que denominó Estruturação do Self (La estructuración del yo, 1979–88). Sus esfuerzos por comprender y transformar las relaciones entre el arte y el espectador se pueden apreciar en el carácter fundamentalmente empático de su obra. Como ella misma escribió: “Siempre pensé que ha sido maravilloso poder ofrecer algo de mi arte para que otros se expresaran”.

Rachel Remick, pasante anual del Modern Women’s Fund, Departamento de Pintura y Escultura, 2021.

Traducción al español por Carmen M. Cáceres.

  1. Ferreira Gullar, "Manifesto Neoconcreto," Jornal do Brasil: Suplemento Dominical (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), March 21-22, 1959, accessed through International Center for Arts of the Americas at the Museum of Fine Arts Houston: Documents of Latin American and Latino Art. Record ID: 1110328. https://icaa.mfah.org/s/en/item/1110328

  2. Lygia Clark, “A Morte Do Plano,” 1960 in Lygia Clark, texts by Ferreira Gullar, Mario Pedrosa, Lygia Clark. (Rio de Janeiro: Edição FUNARTE, 1980), accessed through ICAA at MFAH. Record ID: 1111070. https://icaa.mfah.org/s/en/item/1111070. Trans. Cliff Landers in “Writings by Lygia Clark, 1960-1963,” in Lygia Clark: The Abandonment of Art, 1948-1988 (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2014) pp. 158. “Este retângulo em pedaços, nos o engolimos, o absorvemos em nós mesmos...Demolir o plano como suporte da expressão é tomar consciência da unidade como um todo vivo e orgânico.”

  3. Lygia Clark, “Caminhando,” 1964, in Lygia Clark (1980) ibid. “...o “Caminhando” é apenas uma potencialidade. Vocês e ele formarão uma realidade única, total, existencial. Nenhuma separação entre sujeito-objeto.” Trans. Cliff Landers in “Writings by Lygia Clark, 1960-1963,” in Lygia Clark, pp. 160.

  4. Lygia Clark, “Nos somos os propositores,” 1968, in Lygia Clark (1980) ibid. “Somos os propositores: enterramos ‘‘a obra de arte” como tal e solicitamos a vocês para que o pensamento viva pela ação.”

  5. Lygia Clark, letter to Oiticica, November 14, 1968, Eng. trans. in Lygia Clark (Barcelona), a translation reprinted in Lygia Clark: The Abandonment of Art 1948-1988 (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2014): p. 232. The quote appears in Christine Macel “Part 3: Lygia Clark: At the Border of Art” excerpted from the exhibition catalogue. Available online at post: Notes on Modern and Contemporary Art Around the Globe, https://post.at.moma.org/content_items/1008-part-3-lygia-clark-at-the-border-of-art

Wikipedia entry
Introduction
Lygia Pimentel Lins (23 October 1920 – 25 April 1988), better known as Lygia Clark, was a Brazilian artist best known for her painting and installation work. She was often associated with the Brazilian Constructivist movements of the mid-20th century and the Tropicalia movement. Along with Brazilian artists Amilcar de Castro, Franz Weissmann, Lygia Pape and poet Ferreira Gullar, Clark co-founded the Neo-Concrete movement. From 1960 on, Clark discovered ways for viewers (who would later be referred to as "participants") to interact with her art works. Clark's work dealt with the relationship between inside and outside, and, ultimately, between self and world.
Wikidata
Q1791520
Information from Wikipedia, made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Getty record
Nationality
Brazilian
Gender
Female
Roles
Artist, Painter, Performance Artist, Sculptor
Names
Lygia Clark, Ligia Clark, Lygia Pimentel Lins Clark, Lígia Pimentel Lins
Ulan
500118001
Information from Getty’s Union List of Artist Names ® (ULAN), made available under the ODC Attribution License

Works

19 works online

Exhibitions

Publications

  • Sur moderno: Journeys of Abstraction—The Patricia Phelps de Cisneros Gift Exhibition catalogue, Hardcover, 240 pages
  • MoMA Highlights: 375 Works from The Museum of Modern Art Flexibound, 408 pages
  • MoMA Now: Highlights from The Museum of Modern Art—Ninetieth Anniversary Edition Hardcover, 424 pages
  • Being Modern: Building the Collection of the Museum of Modern Art Exhibition catalogue, Hardcover, 288 pages
  • Lygia Clark: The Abandonment of Art Exhibition catalogue, Hardcover, 336 pages
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