Ma (Today), was founded by artist and writer Lajos Kassák in 1916. Also an acronym for Magyar Aktivizmus (Hungarian Activism), MA was a radical leftist art and literature journal. After the fall of the short-lived Hungarian communist state in 1919, Kassák was exiled in Vienna in 1920 and continued his publishing project there. Along with a circle of other Hungarian émigrés like artist László Moholy-Nagy, Kassák became an active participant in the international avant-garde network. The pages of MA reflected associations with Dada, Futurism, De Stijl, and Constructivist aesthetics, and the magazine quickly became a leading transmitter of the texts and graphics of these international movements. Kassak’s “Bildarchitecktur” was a manifesto that reflected his increasingly Constructivist graphic style.