Art Theater Guild and Japanese Underground Cinema, 1960–1986
December 6, 2012–February 10, 2013
In conjunction with the gallery exhibition Tokyo 1955–1970: A New Avant-Garde
In conjunction with the gallery exhibition Tokyo 1955-1970: A New Avant-Garde, The Museum of Modern Art and The Japan Foundation present the most comprehensive U.S. retrospective ever devoted to the Art Theater Guild, the independent film company that radically transformed Japanese cinema by producing and distributing experimental, transgressive, and genre-shattering films from the early 1960s until the mid-1980s. Free from the strictures and conventions of the mainstream Japanese studio system, the underground cinema of the Art Theater Guild was characterized by its provocative depictions of sex, violence, politics, and social upheaval. The ATG also provided a fresh testing ground for collaboration among filmmakers, composers, dancers, novelists, artists, performance artists, and avant-garde theater companies. This exhibition of approximately 71 titles features such seminal Japanese directors as Hiroshi Teshigahara, Kaneto Shindo, Shohei Imamura, Nagisa Oshima, Toshio Matsumuro, and Koji Wakamatsu, and runs concurrently with the gallery exhibition Tokyo: 1955-1970. Also presented are several programs of Japanese underground cinema of the period, including experimental films and videos by Donald Richie, Masao Adachi, Takahiko Iimura, and others. Two of the leading filmmakers of the Art Theater Guild, Nobuhiko Obayashi and Susumu Hani, will make rare New York appearances to introduce their work, as will the artist Takahiko Iimura.
MoMA's groundbreaking ATG exhibition features pioneering Japanese New Wave work by Nagisa Oshima and Kaneto Shindo, as well independent productions like the novelist and playwright Yukio Mishima’s only film, his nationalist Yukoku (Patriotism/The Rites of Love and Death) (1966); Imamura’s Ningen Johatsu (A Man Vanishes) (1967), a strangely haunting hybrid of fiction and documentary; Toshio Matsumoto’s delirious gay retelling of Oedipus Rex in Bara no Soretsu (Funeral Parade of Roses) (1969) as well as his Shura (Pandemonium) (1971); Akio Jissoji’s Mujo (This Transient Life) (1970), which remains one of the few successful cinematic representations of Buddhist philosophy; and Koji Wakamatsu’s incendiary leftist tract Tenshi no Kokotsu (Ecstasy of the Angels) (1972).
Related Film Screenings
Upcoming
Past
Tenkosei (Transfer Student/Exchange Students/I Am You, You Are Me)
1982. Japan. Nobuhiko Obayashi. 112 min.
Haishi (The Deserted City)
1984. Japan. Nobuhiko Obayashi. 105 min.
Underground Program 1: Nobuhiko Obayashi and Yoichi Takabayashi
This program reunites two luminaries of Japanese underground cinema, Obayashi and Takabayashi, who with Takahiko Iimura set up the collective “Group of Three” and screened films together. Their innovative experimental 8mm movies were harbingers of their subsequent feature work. Iimura is the subject of his own program on January 12 and 13.
Nakasendo (Nakasen Road)
1961. Japan. Nobuhiko Obayashi. 17 min.
Emotion
1966. Japan. Nobuhiko Obayashi. 39 min.
Hinanokage (The Shadow of Doll)
1963. Japan. Yoichi Takabayashi. 20 min.
Otoshiana (The Pitfall)
1962. Japan. Hiroshi Teshigahara. 95 min.
Tobenai Chinmoku (Silence Has No Wings)
1966. Japan. Kazuo Kuroki. 100 min.
Underground Program 2: Nihon University Cinema Club and Motoharu Jonouchi
Nihon University New Cinema Club holds a unique and significant role in the history of Japanese experimental film, not only for its association with student politics but also for its explicit stance against authorship. The Club, whose members included Motoharu Jonouchi and Masao Adachi, would present films in unconventional settings, and indeed, Jonouchi would often reedit his films and insist on projecting them in different ways for each screening. Jonouchi works courtesy Mineko Jonouchi; Nihon University Cinema Club works courtesy The Film-Makers’ Coop, New York.
PuPu
1960. Japan. Nihon University Cinema Club. 22 min.
Tatsumi Hijikata
1967. Japan. Motoharu Jonouchi. 1 min.
Gewaltopia Yokokuhen (Gewaltopia trailer)
1969. Japan. Motoharu Jonouchi. 13 min.
Shinjuku Station
1974. Japan. Motoharu Jonouchi. 14 min.
Wan (Bowl)
1961. Japan. Nihon University Cinema Club. 25 min.
Seishun No Satsujinsha (The Youth Killer)
1976. Japan. Kazuhiko Hasegawa. 116 min.
Shura (Pandemonium)
1971. Japan. Toshio Matsumoto. 135 min.
Japanese Underground Cinema Program 3
Ryakusho Renzoku Shasatsuma (AKA Serial Killer)
1969. Japan. Masao Adachi, Susumu Iwabuchi, Masayuki Nonomura, Yutaka Yamazaki, Mamoru Sasaki, Masao Matsuda. 86 min.
Tokyo Senso Sengo Hiwa (The Man Who Left His Will on Film)
1970. Japan. Nagisa Oshima. 94 min.
Koshikei (Death by Hanging)
1968. Japan. Nagisa Oshima. 119 min.
Ryoma Ansatsu (The Assassination of Ryoma)
1974. Japan. Kazuo Kuroki. 118 min.
Japanese Underground Cinema Program 4: Japanese Expanded Cinema
Expanded cinema became a true phenomenon in late 1960s Japan. Artists began exploring multiple projection, film as performance, and various Structuralist investigations. This program features some of the best practitioners of the period, including Matsumoto and Miyai, as well as early critiques of television and pop culture by Kanesaka and Oe that offer a fascinating glimpse of Japanese expat culture in downtown New York.
Tsuburekakatta Migime no Tame ni (For My Crushed Right Eye)
1968. Japan. Toshio Matsumoto. 13 min.
Jidai Seishin no Genshogaku (Phenomenology of Zeitgeist)
1967. Japan. Rikuro Miyai. 37 min.
America America America
1965. Japan. Kenji Kanesaka. 13 min.
Great Society
1967. USA. Masanori Oe, Marvin Fishman. 17 min.
Tenshi no Kokotsu (Ecstasy of the Angels)
1972. Japan. Koji Wakamatsu. 88 min.
Japanese Underground Cinema Program 5
Mujin Retto (The Deserted Archipelago)
1969. Japan. Katsu Kanai. 56 min.
Ikiteiru Koheiji (The Living Koheiji)
1982. Japan. Nobuo Nakagawa. 78 min.
Shinju Ten no Amijima (Double Suicide)
1969. Japan. Masahiro Shinoda. 104 min.
Shinjuku Dorobo Nikki (Diary of a Shinjuku Thief)
1969. Japan. Nagisa Oshima. 94 min.
Japanese Underground Cinema Program 6: Radical Experiments in Japanese Animation
Before Japanese animation became big business, many legendary illustrators, graphic designers, and manga artists (including the “Animation: Group of Three” of Kuri, Manabe, and Yanagihara) experimented with the genre. Screened at prestigious venues like the Sogetsu Art Centre, this program of independently made animated shorts features some of their most stunning achievements.
Ai (Love)
1963. Japan. Yoji Kuri. 12 min.
March
1963. Japan. Hiroshi Manabe. 3 min.
Ikedaya Soudou (Battle at Ikedaya)
1961. Japan. Ryohei Yanagihara. 8 min.
Kiss Kiss Kiss
1964. Japan. Tadanori Yokoo. 3 min.
Kamen no Marionetto-tachi (The Marionettes of Mask)
1965. Japan. Keiichi Tanaami. 7 min.
Goho/Don (Time Gun)
1966. Japan. Akira Uno. 11 min.
Kage (Shadow)
1967. Japan. Seiichi Hayashi. 5 min.
WOLS
1965. Japan. Motoharu Jonouchi. 18 min.
Nihon University New Cinema Club and Yukio Mishima
Sain (Closed Vagina)
1963. Japan. Nihon University New Cinema Club. 56 min.
Yukoku (Patriotism/The Rites of Love and Death)
1966. Japan. Yukio Mishima. 29 min.
Japanese Underground Cinema Program 7
Kurejii Rabu (Crazy Love)
198. Japan. Michio Okabe. 93 min.
Japanese Underground Cinema Program 8: Takahiko Iimura and Eikoh Hosoe
Made for the Experimental Jazz Film Laboratory, a group led by the great filmmaker Shuji Terayama (a key figure in this exhibition), Navel and A-Bomb anticipates photographer Eikoh Hosoe’s famous collaboration with Tatsumi Hijikata, the co-founder of Ankoku Butoh dance, for the photo-book Kamaitachi (1968). In the beautifully choreographed Anma and Rose Color Dance, Takahiko Iimura transforms his camera into an extension of his body. And in Junk, Love, and Onan, Iimura improvises with vanguard musicians Takehisa Kosugi, Yoko Ono, and Yasunao Tone with exhilarating results. All Iimura works courtesy The Film-makers’ Co-op, New York. Program 67 min.
Heso to Genbaku (Navel and A-Bomb)
1960. Japan. Eikoh Hosoe. 10 min.
Anma (The Masseurs)
1963. Japan. Takahiko Iimura. 13 min.
Barairo Dansu (Rose Color Dance)
1965. Japan. Takahiko Iimura. 13 min.
Kuzu (Junk)
1962. Japan. Takahiko Iimura. 12 min.
Ai (Love)
1963. Japan. Yoji Kuri. 12 min.
Onan
1963. Japan. Takahiko Iimura. 7 min.
Japanese Underground Cinema Program 9
Gingakei (Galaxy)
1967. Japan. Masao Adachi. 75 min.
Nikudan (The Human Bullet)
1968. Japan. Kihachi Okamoto. 117 min.
Gishiki (Ceremony)
1971. Japan. Nagisa Oshima. 123 min.
Bara no Soretsu (Funeral Parade of Roses)
1969. Japan. Toshio Matsumoto. 107 min.
Mujo (This Transient Life)
1970. Japan. Akio Jissoji. 146 min.
Ninja Bugeicho (Band of Ninja/Manual of Ninja Martial Arts) [uncut version]
1967. Japan. Nagisa Oshima. 117 min.
Ningen (Human)
1962. Japan. Kaneto Shindo. 117 min.
Yunbogi no Nikki (Yunbogi’s Diary/Diary of Yunbogi)
1965. Japan. Nagisa Oshima. 24 min.
Yoiyami Semareba (When Twilight Draws Near/Twilight Falls)
1968. Japan. Akio Jissoji. 44 min.
Den’en ni Shisu (Pastoral: Hide and Seek)
1974. Japan. Shuji Terayama. 102 min.
Sho o suteyo, Machi e deyo (Throw Away Your Books Get Out onto the Streets/Throw Away Your Books, Let’s Go into the Street)
1971. Japan. Shuji Terayama. 119 min.
Ningen Johatsu (A Man Vanishes)
1967. Japan. Shohei Imamura. 130 min.
Japanese Underground Cinema Program 10: Donald Richie and Shuji Terayama
Donald Richie, a former MoMA curator and internationally renowned historian and critic of Japanese culture, was also an avid participant in underground cinema in Japan. Two of his personal and affecting films are presented in this program: War Games depicts a sacrificial ritual enacted by children, with the participation of butoh dancer Tatsumi Hijikata; Cybele is an outrageous naked ceremony performed by Zero-Jigen. The theme of ritual continues with Terayama’s Cage and culminates in the anarchistic revolt of his Emperor Tomato Ketchup, which scandalized the country both as a radio play and a film. Program 80 min.
Senso Gokko (War Games)
1962. Japan. Donald Richie. 22 min.
Cybele (Cybele: A Pastoral Ritual in Five Scenes)
1968. Japan. Donald Richie. 20 min.
Ori (Cage)
1962. Japan. Shuji Terayama. 11 min.
Tomato Ketchup Kotei (Emperor Tomato Ketchup)
1971. Japan. Shuji Terayama. 27 min.
Noyuki Yamayuki Umibeyuki (Bound for the Fields, the Mountains, and the Seacoast)
1986. Japan. Nobuhiko Obayashi. 135 min.
Enrai (Distant Thunder)
1981. Japan. Kichitaro Negishi. 135 min.
Furyo Shonen (Bad Boys)
1961. Japan. Susumu Hani. 89 min.
Kanojo to Kare (She and He)
1963. Japan. Susumu Hani. 114 min.
Noyuki Yamayuki Umibeyuki (Bound for the Fields, the Mountains, and the Seacoast)
1986. Japan. Nobuhiko Obayashi. 135 min.
Gozenchu no Jikanwari (The Morning Schedule)
1972. Japan. Susumu Hani. 101 min.
Hatsukoi Jigokuhen (The Inferno of First Love/Nanami)
1968. Japan. Susumu Hani. 104 min.
Arakajime Uchinawareta Koibito-tachi yo (Lost Lovers)
1971. Japan. Soichiro Tahara, Kunio Shimizu. 122 min.
Ningyo Densetsu (Mermaid Legend)
1984. Japan. Toshiharu Ikeda. 110 min.
Tattoo Ari (Tattoo)
1982. Japan. Banmei Takahashi. 107 min.
Ningen Johatsu (A Man Vanishes)
1967. Japan. Shohei Imamura. 130 min.
Kazoku Gemu (Family Game)
1983. Japan. Yoshimitsu Morita. 107 min.
Enrai (Distant Thunder)
1981. Japan. Kichitaro Negishi. 135 min.
Yokoo Tadanori. Diary of a Shinjuku Thief (Sōzōsha) (Shinjuku dorobō nikki [Sōzōsha]). 1968. Screenprint. 39 1/4 x 28″ (99.7 x 71.1 cm). The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Gift of the designer. © 2012 Yokoo Tadanori
Related Publication
Tokyo 1955-1970: A New Avant-Garde
Doryun Chong, with essays by Michio Hayashi, Miryam Sas, and Mika Yoshitake